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Tableau La Vampire par Philip Burne-Jones, 1897.
Crature
Origines
modifier
Le vampire est une crature lgendaire. Suivant diffrents folklores et selon la superstition la plus courante, ce mort-vivant se nourrit du sang des vivants afin den tirer sa force vitale. La lgende du vampire puise ses origines dans des traditions mythologiques anciennes et diverses, elle se retrouve dans toutes sortes de cultures travers le monde.
Le personnage du vampire est popularis en Europe au dbut du XVIIIesicle. Vers 1725, le mot vampire apparat dans les lgendes d'Arnold Paole et de Peter Plogojowitz, deux soldats autrichiens qui, lors dune guerre entre lEmpire d'Autriche et l'Empire ottoman, seraient revenus aprs leur mort sous forme de vampires, pour hanter les villages de Medvegia et Kisiljevo. Selon ces lgendes, les vampires sont dpeints comme des revenants en linceul qui, visitant leurs aimes ou leurs proches, causent mort et dsolation. Michael Ranft crit un ouvrage, le De masticatione mortuorum in tumulis (1728) dans lequel il examine la croyance dans les vampires. Le revenant y est compltement, et pour la premire fois, assimil un vampire, puisque Ranft utilise le terme slave de vampyri. Par la suite, le bndictin lorrain Augustin Calmet dcrit, dans son Trait sur les apparitions (1751), le vampire comme un revenant en corps, le distinguant ainsi des revenants immatriels tels que les stryges, fantmes et autres esprits.
Diverses explications sont avances au fil du temps pour expliquer l'universalit du mythe du vampire, entre autres les phnomnes de dcomposition des cadavres, les enfouissements vivants, des maladies telles que la tuberculose, la rage et la porphyrie, ou encore le vampirisme clinique affectant les tueurs en srie qui consomment du sang humain. Des explications scientifiques, psychanalytiques ou encore sociologiques tentent de cerner la raison qui fait que le mythe du vampire perdure travers les sicles et les civilisations.
Le personnage charismatique et sophistiqu du vampire des fictions modernes apparat avec la publication en 1819 du livre The Vampyre de John Polidori, dont le hros mort-vivant est inspir par Lord Byron, Polidori tant son mdecin personnel. Le livre remporte un grand succs mais c'est surtout l'ouvrage de Bram Stoker paru en 1897, Dracula, qui reste la quintessence du genre, tablissant une image du vampire toujours populaire de nos jours dans les ouvrages de fiction, mme s'il est assez loign de ses anctres folkloriques avec lesquels il ne conserve que peu de points communs.
Avec le cinma, le vampire moderne est devenu une figure incontournable, aussi bien dans le domaine de la littrature que de celui des jeux vido, des jeux de rle, de l'animation ou encore de la bande dessine. La croyance en ces cratures perdure et se poursuit aussi bien dans le folklore populaire que par des sous-cultures, notamment gothiques, qui s'y identifient.
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